{"id":38788,"date":"2021-04-19T12:26:03","date_gmt":"2021-04-19T17:26:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/4netonline.com\/wpg\/?p=38788"},"modified":"2021-04-27T13:32:01","modified_gmt":"2021-04-27T18:32:01","slug":"wisp-5-puntos-a-la-hora-de-planificarlo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4netonline.com\/wpg\/wisp-5-puntos-a-la-hora-de-planificarlo\/","title":{"rendered":"WISP , 5 PUNTOS A LA HORA DE PLANIFICARLO"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-38788\"  class=\"panel-layout\" >\n<div id=\"pg-38788-0\"  class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"  data-style=\"{&quot;cell_alignment&quot;:&quot;flex-start&quot;,&quot;vertical_gutter&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;background_image&quot;:false,&quot;background_image_position&quot;:&quot;center top&quot;,&quot;background_image_style&quot;:&quot;cover&quot;,&quot;row_separator&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\"  data-ratio=\"1\"  data-ratio-direction=\"right\" >\n<div id=\"pgc-38788-0-0\"  class=\"panel-grid-cell\"  data-weight=\"1\" >\n<div id=\"panel-38788-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_kadence_tabs_content_widget kadence_tabs_content_widget panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\" data-style=\"{&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:false,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_duration&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;default&quot;}\" >[siteorigin_widget class=&#8221;kad_tabs_content_widget&#8221;]<input type=\"hidden\" value=\"{&quot;instance&quot;:{&quot;widget_title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;display&quot;:&quot;tabs&quot;,&quot;start_open&quot;:&quot;true&quot;,&quot;items&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;ESPA\\u00d1OL&quot;,&quot;builder_id&quot;:&quot;608858a1422b0&quot;,&quot;panels_data&quot;:{&quot;widgets&quot;:[{&quot;image&quot;:&quot;38789&quot;,&quot;image_fallback&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;title_align&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title_position&quot;:&quot;hidden&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bound&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;_sow_form_id&quot;:&quot;1863344060607db3c66e38e999297601&quot;,&quot;_sow_form_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1618851706440&quot;,&quot;panels_info&quot;:{&quot;class&quot;:&quot;SiteOrigin_Widget_Image_Widget&quot;,&quot;raw&quot;:false,&quot;grid&quot;:0,&quot;cell&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:0,&quot;widget_id&quot;:&quot;59f595da-c5e6-4f78-b99d-6c8e6109945f&quot;,&quot;style&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;widget_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;margin&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;background_image_attachment_fallback&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;,&quot;border_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;font_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;link_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_type&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_duration&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;default&quot;}}},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&lt;h1 style=\\&quot;text-align: center;\\&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=\\&quot;color: #ffffff;\\&quot;&gt;Wisp&lt;\\\/span&gt;&lt;\\\/h1&gt;\\n&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;\\\/h1&gt;\\nAntes de comprar los equipos de comunicaciones, los WISP deben estudiar el entorno de la futura instalaci\\u00f3n de la red. Es importante que el planificador determine el \\u00e1rea de cobertura objetivo, incluidas las \\u00e1reas que no desea cubrir, y la distancia del POP hasta el CPE m\\u00e1s lejano. El planificador tambi\\u00e9n debe familiarizarse con los h\\u00e1bitos de trabajo de su base de clientes promedio y aplicar este conocimiento al plan de red. La tasa de uso promedio del cliente, incluidas las horas pico y no pico de uso, el volumen de datos normalmente transmitidos y la ubicaci\\u00f3n de su \\u00e1rea de trabajo pueden ser consideraciones significativas en la selecci\\u00f3n de los diversos componentes del sistema inal\\u00e1mbrico.\\n&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;\\\/h1&gt;\\nDespu\\u00e9s de este paso inicial, se debe realizar un estudio que abarque la topograf\\u00eda, la vegetaci\\u00f3n y las caracter\\u00edsticas clim\\u00e1ticas del sector geogr\\u00e1fico y se prepare un mapa del sitio. La encuesta tambi\\u00e9n debe trazar las instalaciones de clientes deseadas y tener en cuenta futuras expansiones de canales, a medida que crece la base de clientes del WISP. A continuaci\\u00f3n, se debe preparar un presupuesto de enlace para calcular los requisitos de energ\\u00eda en cada punto de acceso y el tipo de equipo que se puede utilizar para cumplir con estos requisitos, sin exceder las limitaciones legales.\\n\\nHay varias herramientas como programas de simulaci\\u00f3n que est\\u00e1n disponibles para ayudar en la etapa te\\u00f3rica de la encuesta. Sin embargo, estas herramientas de planificaci\\u00f3n deben utilizarse con precauci\\u00f3n, ya que solo las encuestas pr\\u00e1cticas del sitio realizadas correctamente pueden tener en cuenta variables ambientales espec\\u00edficas que pueden afectar al rendimiento de la red. Wisp\\n\\nLos resultados ayudar\\u00e1n a los planificadores de red a determinar el equipo \\u00f3ptimo para evitar obst\\u00e1culos, evitar posibles interferencias inal\\u00e1mbricas y compensar las condiciones clim\\u00e1ticas locales.\\n&lt;h1&gt;3&lt;\\\/h1&gt;\\nLa selecci\\u00f3n de antenas es m\\u00e1s cr\\u00edtica, debido a las limitaciones inherentes de la tecnolog\\u00eda. El \\u00e9xito (o fracaso) de la antena para cumplir con los requisitos \\u00fanicos de la encuesta determinar\\u00e1 el resultado final del proyecto.\\n\\nEs importante tener en cuenta la ganancia al seleccionar antenas de red. Se necesitar\\u00e1 suficiente ganancia tanto en la radiodifusi\\u00f3n como en el lado receptor para establecer enlaces estables, pero no tanto como para exceder las limitaciones legales de potencia radiada de 4 vatios (+36 dBm) potencia radiada efectiva m\\u00e1xima (ERP). El ERP es la cantidad total de energ\\u00eda que realmente se transmite a trav\\u00e9s de la antena del sistema y es el producto de la salida de energ\\u00eda del transmisor, la p\\u00e9rdida de energ\\u00eda del cable y la capacidad de ganancia de la antena.\\n\\nTambi\\u00e9n es importante la eficiencia con la que las antenas emiten y no reflejan la energ\\u00eda en toda su estructura. Esto se mide en t\\u00e9rminos de Voltaje Standing Wave Radio (VSWR). Las mejores antenas de red ISM t\\u00edpicamente tienen un VSWR de 1.5:1 o menos. El VSWR es un resultado directo del dise\\u00f1o de la antena y se ver\\u00e1 afectado por la calidad de los componentes y materiales de construcci\\u00f3n utilizados.\\n\\nUn importante aspecto de la selecci\\u00f3n de la antena es el patr\\u00f3n de radiaci\\u00f3n de la antena, que indica c\\u00f3mo se distribuye la energ\\u00eda de onda radioel\\u00e9ctrica transmitida en el espacio. Puesto que un par de antenas debe estar dentro de los patrones de radiaci\\u00f3n del otro para comunicarse, los patrones de radiaci\\u00f3n uniformes a trav\\u00e9s de la banda de frecuencia son cruciales para el rendimiento y la fiabilidad de la red. Wisp\\n\\nEl corte vertical de un patr\\u00f3n de radiaci\\u00f3n, tambi\\u00e9n conocido como corte de elevaci\\u00f3n, se mide a trav\\u00e9s del plano de elevaci\\u00f3n de la antena. El corte horizontal de un patr\\u00f3n de radiaci\\u00f3n, conocido como acimut, se mide a trav\\u00e9s del plano horizontal. El estrechamiento de la elevaci\\u00f3n o el patr\\u00f3n de acimut aumentar\\u00e1 la ganancia de la antena. Los proveedores de banda ancha inal\\u00e1mbrica suelen preferir antenas polarizadas vertical y horizontalmente para apuntar a punto y apuntar a enlaces multipunto.\\n\\nLas caracter\\u00edsticas de ganancia, VSWR y patr\\u00f3n de radiaci\\u00f3n de un dise\\u00f1o de antena est\\u00e1n estrechamente relacionadas; alterar uno tendr\\u00e1 un efecto directo en los otros dos y afectar\\u00e1 el rendimiento de la antena. Es por esta raz\\u00f3n que una antena mal dise\\u00f1ada afectar\\u00e1 la eficiencia de la red inal\\u00e1mbrica de banda ancha. Wisp\\n&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;\\\/h1&gt;\\n&lt;b&gt;Interferencia de se\\u00f1al&lt;\\\/b&gt;\\n\\nSeg\\u00fan las fuentes de la industria, las frecuencias de 2,4 GHz deben tener una l\\u00ednea de visi\\u00f3n clara, y la zona de Fresnel (la l\\u00ednea visual de visi\\u00f3n en la que las se\\u00f1ales de onda de radio se extienden despu\\u00e9s de salir de la antena) debe estar al menos al 80% libre de obst\\u00e1culos. Producir una se\\u00f1al fuerte y confiable en cada enlace es, por lo tanto, el \\u00faltimo desaf\\u00edo del dise\\u00f1ador de redes de banda ancha.\\n\\nUna se\\u00f1al radiada se compone de ondas que oscilan simult\\u00e1neamente a lo largo de una l\\u00ednea de propagaci\\u00f3n desde el sitio de transmisi\\u00f3n hacia un objetivo. Si se mueven dentro de la misma frecuencia de oscilaci\\u00f3n, se refuerzan entre s\\u00ed y se dice que est\\u00e1n en fase. Cuando las ondas est\\u00e1n en fase y no encuentran obstrucciones, la se\\u00f1al recibida es fuerte y clara. Sin embargo, si las ondas encuentran un objeto de diferente densidad, se reflejar\\u00e1n, doblar\\u00e1n o absorber\\u00e1n haciendo que las ondas alcancen el objetivo con diferentes longitudes de trayectoria y en diferentes momentos. Conocido como multipathing, este fen\\u00f3meno da lugar al desvanecimiento o anulaci\\u00f3n de la se\\u00f1al en el extremo receptor. Cuanto m\\u00e1s larga sea la trayectoria de las ondas transmitidas, m\\u00e1s probable es que se absorban, reflejen o sufran interferencias. El efecto de estas obstrucciones sobre la integridad de la se\\u00f1al se vuelve m\\u00e1s significativo a frecuencias m\\u00e1s altas.\\n\\nPara establecer los links estables en 2.4 frecuencias, las antenas en el POP y la antena en la ubicaci\\u00f3n CPE deben estar dentro del trayecto del otro. En otras palabras, la se\\u00f1al del POP al CPE no debe encontrar obstrucciones significativas. El bloqueador de se\\u00f1al m\\u00e1s significativo en estas frecuencias es el follaje debido al alto contenido de agua en la mayor\\u00eda de los \\u00e1rboles y arbustos. El agua absorbe las se\\u00f1ales de microondas causando un desvanecimiento parcial o una interrupci\\u00f3n completa de la se\\u00f1al. Algunos materiales de construcci\\u00f3n de uso com\\u00fan como madera, ladrillos, y concreto tambi\\u00e9n pueden absorber se\\u00f1ales de microondas. Por otro lado, las estructuras met\\u00e1licas como torres celulares, tanques de agua y algunos edificios pueden reflejar energ\\u00eda y, en consecuencia, contribuir al deterioro de la se\\u00f1al. Adem\\u00e1s, las se\\u00f1ales de microondas de otras redes inal\\u00e1mbricas pueden ser detectadas por las antenas contribuyendo as\\u00ed a la interferencia.\\n&lt;h1&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5&lt;\\\/strong&gt;&lt;\\\/h1&gt;\\nPara minimizar la interferencia, tambi\\u00e9n se deben utilizar antenas altamente direccionales con m\\u00e1xima energ\\u00eda en los l\\u00f3bulos delanteros, l\\u00f3bulos laterales m\\u00ednimos y altas relaciones de frente a fondo. Estas caracter\\u00edsticas aumentan la probabilidad de que ambos extremos del link est\\u00e9n comunicando la fuerza m\\u00e1xima de la se\\u00f1al del l\\u00f3bulo frontal de la se\\u00f1al transmitida, y no la energ\\u00eda reflejada de otras fuentes detectadas a trav\\u00e9s de los l\\u00f3bulos laterales de la se\\u00f1al de recepci\\u00f3n. En el sitio de CPE, los paneles direccionales de haz estrecho con las caracter\\u00edsticas anteriores, dirigidos al POP, ayudar\\u00e1n a reducir la interferencia de otras instalaciones de antena.\\n\\nUna de las principales ventajas de las antenas sectoriales es que permiten a los WISP sectorizar el \\u00e1rea de cobertura transmitiendo la se\\u00f1al radiada a las \\u00e1reas que necesitan cobertura, y no a las zonas que carecen de abonados. Algunas antenas de panel sectorial se pueden ajustar de acuerdo con el ancho de haz horizontal necesario sin la necesidad de reemplazar o quitar la antena de la torre. A medida que crece la base de clientes, se pueden agregar sectores adicionales y radios de datos para personalizar los patrones radiados de acuerdo con la regi\\u00f3n geogr\\u00e1fica cubierta y la densidad de la poblaci\\u00f3n dentro de esa regi\\u00f3n. Esta caracter\\u00edstica permite que los WISP reutilicen la misma frecuencia en otra ubicaci\\u00f3n o en otra direcci\\u00f3n. Wisp\\n\\n&lt;a href=\\&quot;https:\\\/\\\/4netonline.com\\\/wpg\\\/sales-team\\\/franklin-gutierrez-herrera\\\/\\&quot;&gt;Question?&lt;\\\/a&gt;&quot;,&quot;text_selected_editor&quot;:&quot;tinymce&quot;,&quot;autop&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;_sow_form_id&quot;:&quot;689326433607db78e10930485608227&quot;,&quot;_sow_form_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1618853116793&quot;,&quot;panels_info&quot;:{&quot;class&quot;:&quot;SiteOrigin_Widget_Editor_Widget&quot;,&quot;raw&quot;:false,&quot;grid&quot;:0,&quot;cell&quot;:1,&quot;id&quot;:1,&quot;widget_id&quot;:&quot;6b8d50c5-47bc-40ac-b551-dec93b67f757&quot;,&quot;style&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;widget_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;margin&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;background_image_attachment_fallback&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;,&quot;border_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;font_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;link_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_type&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_duration&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;default&quot;}}}],&quot;grids&quot;:[{&quot;cells&quot;:2,&quot;style&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;cell_class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;row_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bottom_margin&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;vertical_gutter&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;gutter&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding_top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding_bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding_left&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding_right&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;row_stretch&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;collapse_behaviour&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;collapse_order&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;cell_alignment&quot;:&quot;flex-start&quot;,&quot;mobile_bottom_margin&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_cell_margin&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_image&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;background_image_fallback&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_image_url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_image_style&quot;:&quot;cover&quot;,&quot;background_image_position&quot;:&quot;center top&quot;,&quot;border_top&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;border_top_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;border_bottom&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;border_bottom_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;row_separator&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;next_row_background_color&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}}],&quot;grid_cells&quot;:[{&quot;grid&quot;:0,&quot;index&quot;:0,&quot;weight&quot;:0.24999999999999997,&quot;style&quot;:[]},{&quot;grid&quot;:0,&quot;index&quot;:1,&quot;weight&quot;:0.75,&quot;style&quot;:[]}]}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;ENGLISH&quot;,&quot;builder_id&quot;:&quot;608858a1422bc&quot;,&quot;panels_data&quot;:{&quot;widgets&quot;:[{&quot;image&quot;:&quot;38789&quot;,&quot;image_fallback&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;full&quot;,&quot;size_width&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;size_height&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;title_align&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title_position&quot;:&quot;hidden&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;bound&quot;:&quot;on&quot;,&quot;_sow_form_id&quot;:&quot;16812818216088587792763746475430&quot;,&quot;_sow_form_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1619548305203&quot;,&quot;panels_info&quot;:{&quot;class&quot;:&quot;SiteOrigin_Widget_Image_Widget&quot;,&quot;raw&quot;:true,&quot;grid&quot;:0,&quot;cell&quot;:0,&quot;id&quot;:0,&quot;widget_id&quot;:&quot;804674ac-f977-4ffd-a089-e71a19082627&quot;,&quot;style&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;widget_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_css&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;margin&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;mobile_padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_image_attachment&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;background_image_attachment_fallback&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;background_display&quot;:&quot;tile&quot;,&quot;border_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;font_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;link_color&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_type&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_duration&quot;:&quot;default&quot;,&quot;kt_animation_delay&quot;:&quot;default&quot;}}},{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&lt;h3&gt;5 IMPORTANT STEPS TO PLAN YOUR WISP&lt;\\\/h3&gt;\\n&lt;h3&gt;1&lt;\\\/h3&gt;\\nBefore purchasing communications equipments, The WISPs must study the environment of future network installation. It is important that the planner determines the target coverage area, including areas that you do not want to cover, and the distance from the POP to the farthest CPE. The planner should also familiarize himself with the work habits of his average customer base and apply this knowledge to the network plan. The average customer usage rate, including peak and non-peak hours of use, the volume of data normally transmitted, and the location of your workspace can be significant considerations in selecting the various components of the wireless system.\\n&lt;h3&gt;2&lt;\\\/h3&gt;\\nAfter this initial step, a study should be conducted covering the topography, vegetation, and climatic characteristics of the geographic sector and preparing a site map. The survey should also plot desired customer facilities and take into account future channel expansions as the WISP customer base grows. A link budget should then be prepared to calculate the energy requirements at each access point and the type of equipment that can be used to meet these requirements, without exceeding legal limitations.\\n\\nThere are several tools like simulation programs that are available to assist in the theoretical stage of the survey. However, these planning tools should be used with caution, as only successful site practical surveys can take into account specific environmental variables that can affect network performance.\\n\\nThe results will help network planners determine optimal equipment to avoid obstacles, avoid possible wireless interference, and compensate for local weather conditions.\\n&lt;h3&gt;3&lt;\\\/h3&gt;\\nAntenna selection is more critical, due to the inherent limitations of technology. The success (or failure) of the antenna to meet the unique requirements of the survey will determine the final outcome of the project.\\n\\nIt is important to consider gain when selecting network antennas. It will take enough gain in both broadcasting and the receiving side to establish stable links, but not so much as to exceed the legal radiated power limitations of 4 watts (+36 dBm) maximum effective radiated power (ERP). ERP is the total amount of energy that is actually transmitted through the system antenna and is the product of transmitter power output, cable power loss and antenna gain capacity.\\n\\nThe efficiency with which antennas emit and do not reflect energy throughout their structure is also important. This is measured in terms of Standing Wave Radio Voltage (VSWR). The best ISM network antennas typically have a VSWR of 1.5:1 or less. The VSWR is a direct result of the antenna design and will be affected by the quality of the components and building materials used.\\n\\nAn important aspect of antenna selection is the antenna radiation pattern, which indicates how radio wave energy transmitted in space is distributed. Since one pair of antennas must be within each other&#039;s radiation patterns to communicate, uniform radiation patterns across the frequency band are crucial for network performance and reliability.\\n\\nThe vertical cutting of a radiation pattern, also known as elevation cut, is measured through the antenna elevation plane. The horizontal cut of a radiation pattern, known as an azimuth, is measured across the horizontal plane. Narrowing the elevation or azimuth pattern will increase antenna gain. Wireless broadband providers often prefer vertically and horizontally polarized antennas to point to point and point to multipoint links.\\n\\nThe gain, VSWR, and radiation pattern characteristics of an antenna design are closely related; altering one will have a direct effect on the other two and will affect the performance of the antenna. It is for this reason that a poorly designed antenna will affect the efficiency of the wireless broadband network.\\n&lt;h3&gt;4&lt;\\\/h3&gt;\\n&lt;b&gt;Signal &lt;\\\/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;interference&lt;\\\/b&gt;\\n\\nAccording to industry sources, 2.4 GHz frequencies must have a clear line of sight, and the Fresnel area of sight (the line of sight in which radio wave signals extend after exiting the antenna) must be at least 80% obstacle-free. Producing a strong and reliable signal on each link is therefore the latest challenge of the broadband network designer.\\n\\nA radiated signal consists of waves that oscillate simultaneously along a propagation line from the transmission site to a target. If they move within the same oscillation frequency, they reinforce each other and are said to be in phase. When the waves are in phase and do not find obstructions, the received signal is strong and clear. However, if the waves find an object of different density, they will be reflected, bent or absorbed by causing the waves to reach the target with different trajectory lengths and at different times. Known as multipathing, this phenomenon results in fading or signal cancellation at the receiving end. The longer the trajectory of the transmitted waves, the more likely they are to be absorbed, reflected, or damaged. The effect of these obstructions on signal integrity becomes more significant at higher frequencies.\\n\\nIn order to establish stable links at 2.4 frequencies, the antennas on the POP and antenna at the CPE location must be within the other&#039;s path. In other words, the POP signal to the CPE should not encounter significant obstructions. The most significant signal blocker at these frequencies is foliage due to the high water content in most trees and shrubs. Water absorbs microwave signals causing partial fading or complete signal interruption. Some commonly used building materials such as wood, bricks, and concrete can also absorb microwave signals. On the other hand, metal structures such as cell towers, water tanks and some buildings can reflect energy and, consequently, contribute to signal deterioration. In addition, microwave signals from other wireless networks can be detected by antennas thus contributing to interference.\\n&lt;h3&gt;5&lt;\\\/h3&gt;\\nTo minimize interference, highly directional antennas with maximum energy should also be used in the front lobes, minimal lateral lobes, and high front-to-bottom ratios. These characteristics increase the probability that both ends of the link are communicating the maximum signal strength of the transmitted signal, and not the reflected energy from other sources detected through the lateral lobes of the receiving signal. At the CPE site, narrow-beam directional panels with the above features, aimed at POP, will help reduce interference from other antenna installations.\\n\\nOne of the main advantages of sectorial antennas is that they allow WISPs to sectorize the coverage area by transmitting the radiated signal to areas that need coverage, and not to areas that lack subscribers. Some sector panel antennas can be adjusted according to the horizontal beam width required without the need to replace or remove the antenna from the tower. As the customer base grows, additional slices and data radiates can be added to customize radiated patterns according to the covered geographic region and population density within that region. 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